What is being decided in the midterms and why do they matter?
David Smith
The US Congress has two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Both must approve federal legislation before it can become law and both play important roles in overseeing the executive branch.
The House is elected every two years, meaning all 435 voting seats are contested at every congressional election. The Senate has 100 members serving staggered six-year terms, so roughly a third of its seats are up for election every two years.
This year’s ballot includes:
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All 435 seats in the House of Representatives. Republicans are defending a narrow majority, with Democrats needing a net gain of four seats to take control.
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35 seats in the Senate. Thirty-three seats are up in regular elections, along with two special elections in Florida and Ohio to fill the remainder of terms that were vacated early. Republicans currently hold 53 seats, against 47 held by Democrats and independents who caucus with them. Democrats need to gain four seats to secure a majority.
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39 governorships. Voters will choose governors in 36 states and three US territories.
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Thousands of state legislative seats, as well as local offices, judicial contests and ballot measures on issues including taxes, abortion rights and voting rules.
The elections for Congress will determine which party controls Congress for the final two years of Trump’s second term. The governorships and state legislative contests will shape policymaking closer to home, from education and reproductive rights to taxation and the administration of elections.
The midterms have a long history of punishing the occupant of the White House. The president’s party has lost House seats in 18 of the past 20 midterm elections, a 90% rate of loss that stretches back to 1946.
Key events
Here are some of the latest images sent to us over the newswires as Americans cast their votes in the midterm elections, an effective referendum on Donald Trump’s presidency that will determine control of Congress:
As we have been reporting, the first results are expected after 18.00 EST (15.00 PST or 23.00 GMT), although these won’t tell us the national picture. You can keep an eye on our live tracker to keep up with the latest results when they come through:
Supreme court rules against Trump over bid to force California to set aside ballots
Nick Robins-Early
The supreme court on Monday ruled against the Trump administration and its attempts to force California election officials to segregate and not count ballots from people that the justice department claims are non-citizens.
The ruling follows several lower courts siding with California officials, who argued the federal government was seeking to interfere in state elections.
The court did not issue an explanation for its ruling, which is customary in cases that come to it on an emergency basis. There were no noted dissents from the justices.
California and the Trump administration have been in a legal standoff over the past few weeks following the justice department’s claim that 20,000 non-citizens were on the state’s voter rolls.
The DoJ delivered a USB drive to Los Angeles and Sacramento election officials in mid-October with the names, giving only 48 hours for officials to review the list and threatening to sue if the ballots were not sequestered until those listed could verify their citizenship. Election officials refused, leading to a series of courtroom battles.
You can read more here:
The justice department has shared a list of 126 jurisdictions across the country to which election monitors have been sent. In a press release this morning, the DoJ said the monitors will be deployed to all 50 states for the first time in what the department described as its “largest monitoring effort in history”.
As my colleague Sam Levine notes in this story, the DoJ has aggressively inserted itself into the midterm elections in the contest’s final weeks, shattering the department’s longstanding practice of political neutrality.
The midterms are occurring amid uncertainty about whether Trump, who still refuses to acknowledge his 2020 presidential election loss, will accept the results if they do not go the Republicans’ way, as many polls predict they won’t do.
He has urged Republicans to “nationalize” voting, pressed for restrictions on mail-in ballots and deployed federal law enforcement to pursue discredited fraud claims. At a Republican Party convention in September, the deeply unpopular president called on supporters to “cheat like hell” whether they’re “registered or not”.
For a special episode of Politics Weekly America, Guardian columnist Jonathan Freedland is joined by Alexandra Petri, a staff writer from the Atlantic, about this election cycle’s most effective ad campaigns, surprising alliances and embarrassing gaffes. You can listen to it in full here:
In Florida, 18 polling sites have been moved due to flooding, according to the secretary of state’s office. The affected counties are Brevard, Highlands, Indian River, Martin, Okeechobee, Palm Beach and St. Lucie. The alternative polling sites include community centers, a council chambers, a town hall and a church. The announcement was made before polls opened in Florida at 7am ET on Tuesday morning.
“For the safety and security of our election workers and the voters of Brevard, it is necessary to relocate a couple of precinct polling locations due to these unprecedented circumstances,” Tim Bobanic, Brevard County supervisor of elections, was quoted as having said in a statement.
The state’s governor Ron DeSantis declared a state of emergency for several counties on Monday after heavy rain turned roads into rivers and submerged cars.
In Florida, progressive Democrat Angie Nixon is hoping to pull off an upset and unseat Republican incumbent Ashley Moody in one of two special elections this cycle.
Another interesting race to watch is that of Republican lawmaker Maria Elvira Salazar, who faces a challenge from Democrat Eliott Rodriguez, a former television news anchor.
Salazar, whose district has a large Latino population, including Miami’s historic Little Havana neighbourhood, made headlines earlier this month when she warned Trump that his hardline immigration enforcement policies had gone too far.
It has just gone past 06:30 in North Carolina, Ohio and West Virginia where polls have now opened.
What are some of the key issues in the midterms?
Here are some of the key voter issues shaping the US midterm elections:
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Iran: Trump’s decision to go to war with the Tehran regime has exacerbated economic worries. Iran’s retaliatory decision to close the strait of Hormuz has driven up gasoline prices for US motorists. It also represents a breach of his pledge to end the US’s supposed addiction to “forever wars”.
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Immigration: Enforcement and closing the border remains a signature issue for Trump. He repeatedly boasts of the impact of his closure of the southern border as one of his biggest achievements, making comparisons with the performance of Joe Biden.
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AI and datacenters: AI has emerged as a key campaign issue, with surveys showing a majority of voters holding negative views on it, even as Trump champions its development and attempts to rename it “super intelligence”.
You can read more about the issues guiding the elections here:
Robert Tait
A final set of polls from the New York Times and Siena University, published on Sunday, put Democratic candidates ahead in five of seven key battleground contests – including Texas and Kansas, where voters have not sent a Democrat to the Senate since 1988 and 1932, respectively.
The final stretch of the campaign was not without drama for the Democrats, however. In Michigan – widely seen as a crucial pillar to either party’s ambitions of control in the Senate – Democratic congresswoman Haley Stevens, who lost her party’s senate primary to Abdul El-Sayed, endorsed his Republican rival, Mike Rogers, on Sunday.
Stevens was widely condemned by fellow Democrats over the move, which followed a feud with the El-Sayed campaign over an outside group’s campaign ad that blamed the high cost of living on US support for Israel. Chuck Schumer, the Senate minority leader, described her endorsement of Rogers as “a despicable betrayal”.
“Whatever they’re trying to distract you, it’s because they’re picking your pocket,” El-Sayed told hundreds of supporters in Royal Oak, Michigan on Monday.
The extraordinary rupture in Michigan took places days after the party faced damaging headlines in Alaska, where it was reported that the Democratic senate candidate’s campaign was behind an effort to recruit a challenger with almost the same name as her rival, the Republican senator Dan Sullivan. (The Democratic candidate, Mary Peltola, has denied any knowledge of such a scheme on the part of her campaign.)
Before the report of the Peltola campaign’s involvement, the Department of Justice (DoJ) filed a lawsuit to block the certification of Alaska’s Senate results in the event of a Republican defeat, citing potential “voter confusion” over the presence of two Dan Sullivans on the ballot. The lawsuit has since been dismissed by a judge.
When will we know who has won?
David Smith
Voting is taking place today (Tuesday 3 November), but the results may not be known tonight. Close contests, different state rules for counting early and postal ballots, and possible recounts or legal challenges could delay the final outcome.
Once the dust has settled, there will be no respite in this – the land of the endless campaign. Attention will soon turn to the 2028 presidential election campaign, when both parties will seek to turn the results of this November into a foundation for the next fight for the White House.
Here’s an hour-by-hour rundown of when polls close around the US, courtesy of our blogger and reporter Shrai Popat:
First polls open in US midterm elections
The first polls have opened in the pivotal US midterm elections in the eastern state of Vermont, where it has just gone past 5.15am.
The next polls to open will be at 6am ET (in 40 minutes) including in: Connecticut, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, New Jersey, New York and Virginia.
The first results will start to come in after 18:00 EST (23:00 GMT) but a tight race could take hours to call – or even days.
It is important to remember that more than 58m early votes have already been cast across the US, according to an analysis by the University of Florida, a huge increase in the total number of early votes made in the last midterm elections, in 2022.
Rachel Leingang
Rachel Leingang, a Midwest political correspondent for Guardian US, has been in Iowa, getting a sense of the political mood ahead of the crcuial elections:
Across Iowa on Monday, candidates made final pitches in a set of toss-up races up and down the ballot, noting just how close these contests were and how pivotal the state could be for the nation’s politics.
In a standing-room-only town hall in Waverly, Iowa, Democratic gubernatorial hopeful Rob Sand started off by asking people in the crowd which political party they belong to, then having people clap for all of them before directing the audience to sing “America the Beautiful” together.
The bipartisan tone underscores Sand’s pitch to Iowa voters, including those who would need to cross party lines to support him: “not redder or bluer, but better and truer”.
Wearing shirts that urged people to vote for Democrats and “rotate the crops”, about 150 voters turned out to the rally in the Republican-leaning area. Sand told the Guardian that throughout the hundreds of town halls he has seen a “yearning” from people for their politicians to work together to solve problems, even as voters are generally angry this year.
“We need to focus that anger and point it at where it ought to be pointed, which is at a broken two-choice political system that is too easily abused to allow elected officials to be corrupt and to be lazy and still hold power,” he said. “A lot of politicians want people to be angry with their neighbors.”
Down in the Des Moines suburbs in the early evening, as rain poured down and the sun set before 6pm, Sarah Booz knocked doors for Democratic candidates. On the doors, there were still a lot of undecided voters.
Some told her they’d be voting for Sand and the rest of the downballot Democrats, while others said they needed to do more research. One man who said he normally votes red said the gubernatorial race would probably be a last-minute decision.
And in the evening, at a Holiday Inn by the Des Moines airport, much of the Republican ticket rallied, culminating in a pitch from US Senate candidate Ashley Hinson. Chuck Grassley, the Republican US senator and the oldest sitting US senator, took digs at Sand, saying that the state government is well run and “we don’t need Sand in that machinery”. He also called Democrats running across the country “outlandish socialists” who want to “transform America”.
“I hope that you’ll do everything you can to make sure that I have a colleague from Iowa that won’t neutralize my vote,” he said, advocating for Hinson. Hinson, taking the stage in front of a bus she’s been campaigning in, called her opponent, Zach Turek, “Too Liberal Turek”. “We fire liberal phonies, we don’t promote them,” she said.
US strikes Iran’s Qeshm Island on eve of midterm elections
The US reportedly attacked Qeshm Island in southern Iran on Monday after Donald Trump downplayed the chances of a return to war with Tehran after the midterm elections.
“We had a war with Iran. We won,” Trump told journalists yesterday. “I don’t know if you even call it a war because we haven’t been doing any fighting for months.”
Monday’s strikes, first reported by the Wall Street Journal, were defensive in nature, according to officials, and targeted surface-to-air missiles being used against US assets, Reuters and the Associated Press reported.
But undermining Trump’s comments to the press, the WSJ reported that the US has been launching smaller-scale strikes against Iran for several weeks, but have not been publicly announcing the attacks as they did at the start of the conflict in February.
On Monday, US vice-president JD Vance claimed there had been “a number of good conversations with the Iranians” and that he was feeling good about the prospects of a “negotiated settlement”. But despite this talk of diplomatic progress, Iran has continued to enforce its closure of the strait of Hormuz and in recent weeks Trump has hinted at renewing attacks on Iran after the midterm elections are over.
Voters now have the chance to express their frustration over the inflationary impact of the president’s ill-judged war, which has sent fuel prices soaring and shown the limits of American power.
What is being decided in the midterms and why do they matter?
David Smith
The US Congress has two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Both must approve federal legislation before it can become law and both play important roles in overseeing the executive branch.
The House is elected every two years, meaning all 435 voting seats are contested at every congressional election. The Senate has 100 members serving staggered six-year terms, so roughly a third of its seats are up for election every two years.
This year’s ballot includes:
-
All 435 seats in the House of Representatives. Republicans are defending a narrow majority, with Democrats needing a net gain of four seats to take control.
-
35 seats in the Senate. Thirty-three seats are up in regular elections, along with two special elections in Florida and Ohio to fill the remainder of terms that were vacated early. Republicans currently hold 53 seats, against 47 held by Democrats and independents who caucus with them. Democrats need to gain four seats to secure a majority.
-
39 governorships. Voters will choose governors in 36 states and three US territories.
-
Thousands of state legislative seats, as well as local offices, judicial contests and ballot measures on issues including taxes, abortion rights and voting rules.
The elections for Congress will determine which party controls Congress for the final two years of Trump’s second term. The governorships and state legislative contests will shape policymaking closer to home, from education and reproductive rights to taxation and the administration of elections.
The midterms have a long history of punishing the occupant of the White House. The president’s party has lost House seats in 18 of the past 20 midterm elections, a 90% rate of loss that stretches back to 1946.
What are the races to watch in the US midterm elections?
David Smith
in Washington
Donald Trump will still be US president on the morning of 4 November. But he could be facing a very different political landscape, depending on the results of the midterm elections held the previous day.
As the name implies, midterm elections fall nearly halfway through a president’s term. They are often a telling referendum on the sitting president’s performance, something Trump is actively encouraging by telling voters “pretend I’m on the ballot”. In this case, voters will decide whether Trump’s Republican party can retain its grip on Congress.
Democrats are hoping to capitalise on growing discontent with Trump to seize control of the US House of Representatives, and possibly the Senate. Republicans are fighting to preserve their congressional majorities and prevent a fresh period of legislative paralysis and investigations into the White House.
Several Senate contests have emerged as key battlegrounds. In Michigan, progressive Abdul El-Sayed is seeking to hold an open seat for Democrats against Republican Mike Rogers, who received a last-minute endorsement from Democrat Haley Stevens. In Georgia, Jon Ossoff, a Democratic senator, enjoys a healthy poll lead over Republican challenger Mike Collins.
In Maine, a state won by Democrat Kamala Harris in 2024, Susan Collins, the Republican senator, is defending her seat against Democrat Troy Jackson. Ohio offers another major test, with Democrat Sherrod Brown seeking to return to the Senate against Republican Jon Husted.
Texas has become especially closely watched. Democrat James Talarico is taking on Republican Ken Paxton, the state’s attorney general. Republicans have spent about $210m to help the scandal-plagued Paxton. No Democrat has won a statewide election in Texas since 1994. Trump won Texas by nearly 14 points in 2024.
In Alaska, Democrat Mary Peltola’s Senate race against Republican incumbent Dan S Sullivan sparked controversy after Republicans accused the candidate of planting a second Dan Sullivan to confuse voters. A judge dismissed a Trump-backed lawsuit seeking to block certification of Alaska’s Senate race results if Dan Sullivan loses.
Other contests in Kansas, Iowa, North Carolina and New Hampshire could help determine which party controls the chamber (if there is a 50-50 split, JD Vance, the vice-president, a Republican, wields the tiebreaker vote). Latest polls show Democrats ahead in Maine, North Carolina and Kansas, and competitive in Ohio. Also on the map this year are South Carolina and Mississippi, two reliably Republican states that have seen aggressive Democratic challenges this year.
More on this here in David’s explainer:
Americans vote in midterms that will determine control of Congress and Trump’s agenda
It’s Tuesday 3 November, which means that after months of campaigning, debate and analysis, the critical US midterm elections that will take the political temperature of the nation halfway through Donald Trump’s second term – and determine the trajectory of the remainder of his presidency – are finally upon us. Americans, who have already voted early in record numbers, will decide the balance of power in Congress and, therefore, Trump’s ability to advance his agenda for the next two years.
With the US president almost unprecedentedly unpopular, Democrats are aiming for what would be stunning victories in seats where, for decades, turning blue would have been unthinkable. Trump is not on the ballot, but this election is very much a referendum on the direction of the country under his Republican party.
Trump’s agenda has thrown the US into a deeply unpopular – and expensive – war alongside Israel against Iran, sparking a global energy crisis and regional conflict that remains unresolved. The war has exacerbated inflation and the cost-of-living crisis, which had already been worsened by Trump’s chaotic tariff policies. The un-affordability of basic living costs from groceries and gas to childcare, housing and healthcare has been a defining issue of this election, with concerns over the economy turning even deeply conservative seats competitive.
The second Trump administration has also overseen violent surges of federal immigration enforcement across Democrat-led cities, deeply divisive operations that killed two Americans earlier this year. The administration has pursued an aggressive and cruel mass deportation policy, slashed federal government agencies and Medicaid funding, supported the restriction of abortion rights in many states, and expanded presidential power in unprecedented ways.
And now, after months of gerrymandering, efforts to curtail voting rights, and scaremongering over election integrity as Republicans cling to power, also looming over this election is the question of whether Trump and his allies will accept the results.
This will be a defining moment for American democracy, so stick with us as we bring you all the latest news, analyses and commentary as it all unfolds.
